What is Biotechnology ??
Biotechnology,
by definition, is manipulation of biological systems
also refers
to the use
of microorganisms such as bacteria or biological substances such as enzymes to
perform industrial or manufacturing process.
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According
to Webster
dictionary; the
aspect of technology concerns with the application of biological and
engineering data to problems relating to the mutual adjustment man and machine.
Spinks
(1980)
define biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems or
processes to manufacturing and industries.
According
to the European Federation of Biotechnology (1981); the
integrated use of biochemistry,
microbiology
and engineering
sciences in
order to achieve industrial application.
According
to Canadian development plan (1981); the
utilization of a biological process by plant,
animal or microbes or
their constituents to provide goods and services.
Bull
et al., 1982;
the application of
scientific and engineering principles to process material
by biological
agents to
provide goods and services.
the
wider definition of biotechnology is :
the application of scientific and
engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to
provide goods and services.
Classes of Biotechnology
•Medical
biotechnology.
• Ecological
biotechnology.
• Bioprocess.
•Pharmaceutical
and industrial biotechnology.
• Farming
biotechnology.
How Old Biotechnology
Biotechnology is very old:
- Beer, Bread, and Wine making are
centuries old.
- 1637
Van leeuwenhoek-
First observation of live microorganisms through magnifying
lenses.
- 1665 Robert Hook- First observation of cells.
- 1800s- Traditional breading - plants and animals.
- 1850s- Producing Vaccines.
- Late 1880s- Gregor Mendle discovered the laws governing the
genetic inheritance
of traits by scientific experimentation.
- 19940s- producing antibiotics.
- 1960s- Producing high-yielding rice and wheat varieties.
- 1990s- Developing genetically modified plants and animals.
How Old is Modern Biotechnology
Events affected the development of modern Biotechnology :
-1940s Beadle and Tatum :
One gene one (enzyme) protein
hypothesis.
-1944 Oswald Avery and Hershy-Chase:
DNA is the genetic material.
-1953- Watson and Crik
:
Discovered the DNA double helix.
-1973- Boyer and Cohen:
Discovered Gene splicing and gene
cloning.
-1982 Eli Lilly : First recombinant protein
(Insulin).
-1986-Kery Millus : invented the thermocycler (Polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR).
- 2001- Human Genome Project.
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